batch_1778673399 20260513145639000 National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Encyclopedic Research esu@esu.com.ua National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Encyclopedic Research Entsyklopedychnyi visnyk Ukrainy [The Encyclopedia Herald of Ukraine] Entsykl. visn. Ukr. 2706-9990 2707-000X 2025 17 Victor Zhovtyansky Institute of Gas, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9532-423X Based on the significant expansion of access in Ukraine to original 19th-century world scientific literature, and the growing culture of preserving historical memory in the field of science and technology—as exemplified by numerous university-led digital initiatives worldwide—this work offers a new interpretation of the scientific achievements of the eminent Ukrainian experimental physicist Ivan Puluj, in comparison with those of his contemporaries. Drawing on the criteria for Nobel laureates as formulated by the administrators of the inaugural prize in 1901, the study rigorously demonstrates that limiting recognition to Wilhelm Röntgen alone was unjustified, and that the candidacy of our compatriot possessed notable advantages over his closest competitors. It is shown that Puluj’s scientific contributions were effectively silenced by represent-atives of the dominant imperial scientific schools of the time. This pattern of omission persists even in the materials of such a democratic source of information as the modern global Wikipedia. In this context, the work underscores the vital importance of cultivating principles of scientific integrity—principles consistently exemplified by both Michael Faraday and Ivan Puluj. 2025 95 108 10.37068/evu.17.7 https://evu.encyclopedia.kyiv.ua/article/1717 https://evu.encyclopedia.kyiv.ua/doi/10.37068/evu.17.7.pdf 10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.12.002 Busch, U. (2023). Claims of priority: The scientific path to the discovery of X-rays. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik, 33, 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.12.002 Crookes, W. (1879). On radiant matter. Nature: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, 20, 419–423, 436–440. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/naturejournal20londuoft/page/440/mode/2up Engel, A., & Steenbeck, M. (1932). Elektrische Gasentladungen: Ihre Physik und Technik. Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer. Falconer, I. (1985). Theory and experiment in J. J. Thomson’s work on gaseous discharge (Doc­toral dissertation, University of Bath). https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/theory-and-experiment-in-j-j-thomsons-work-on-gaseous-discharge Faraday, M. (1839). Experimental researches in electricity (Vol. 1). London: Bernard Quaritch. Faraday, M. (1860). A course of six lectures on the various forces of matter and their relations to each other (W. Crookes, Ed.). London: Richard Griffin and Company. Gaida, R. (1996). Ivan Puluj (1845–1918). Fizychni doslidzhennia. In V. Shenderovskyi (Ed.), Ivan Puluj. Zbirnyk prats (pp. 24–36). Kyiv: Rada [in Ukrainian]. Gaida, R., & Pliatsko, R. (2019). Ivan Puluj. Zhyttia i tvorchist. Lviv: Doslidno-vyrobnychyi tsentr Naukovoho tovarystva im. Shevchenka [in Ukrainian]. 10.1007/978-94-011-0217-9_5 Hiebert, E. N. (1995). Electric discharge in rarefied gases: The dominion of experiment. In A. J. Kox & D. M. Siegel (Eds.), No truth except in the details (pp. 83–104). Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. 167). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0217-9_5 Hittorf, W. (1889). On the conduction of electricity in gases. In Physical Memoirs. London: Tay­lor and Francis. Hualla, R. (1962, February 3). „Pulujisieren“ statt „Röntgenisieren“. Wochenendbeilage der Oberösterreichischen Nachrichten, p. 13. Kulynyak, D. (2000). Ivan Pului, the discoverer of X-rays. The Ukrainian Weekly, p. 6. Parsip­pany, NJ: Ukrainian National Association, Inc. L’Annunziata, M. F. (2016). Radioactivity: Introduction and history, from the quantum to quarks. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Petryk, M. (2025). Ivan Puluj u vymiri svitovoho naukovo-tekhnichnoho prohresu. Visnyk NTSh, 71, 26–28 [in Ukrainian]. Pliatsko, R. M. (2025). Puluj Ivan Pavlovych. In I. M. Dziuba, A. I. Zhukovskyi, M. H. Zhelezniak [et al.] (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine [Online]. https://esu.com.ua/article-887972 [in Ukrainian] Puluj, J. (1889). Radiant electrode matter and the so-called fourth state. Physical Memoirs, 1(2), 233–331. Puluj, J. (1896a). Über die Entstehung der Röntgen’schen Strahlen und ihre photographische Wirkung. Wiener Berichte, 105, 228–238. Puluj, J. (1896b). Nachtrag zur Abhandlung: Über die Entstehung der Röntgen’schen Strahlen und ihre photographische Wirkung. Wiener Berichte, 105, 243–245. Puluj, J., & Glaser, G. (1880). The fourth state of matter: A refutation. Science, 1(5), 58–59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2900674 Röntgen, W. C. (1896). Über eine neue Art von Strahlen (Vorläufige Mitteilung). Sitzungsbe­richte der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, 132–141. Röntgen, W. C. (1897a). Über eine neue Art von Strahlen. II. Mitteilung. Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, 11–19. Röntgen, W. C. (1897b). Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen. Sit­zungsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathe­matische Klasse, 23, 24–43. Shenderovskyi, V. (Ed.). (1996). Ivan Puluj. Zbirnyk prats. Kyiv: Rada [in Ukrainian]. Thomson, J. J. (1893). Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism. London: Clar­endon Press. Thomson, J. J. (1897). Cathode rays. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 5, 44(269). Thomson, J. J. (1898). The discharge of electricity through gases: Lectures delivered on the oc­casion of the sesquicentennial celebration of Princeton University. New York. Zasidannia matematychno-pryrodnychoho viddilu vid 6 liutoho 1896 r. Kaizerivska Akademiia nauk u Vidni. (1896). In V. Shenderovskyi (Ed.), Ivan Puluj. Zbirnyk prats (p. 258). Kyiv: Rada [in Ukrainian]. Zhovtianskyi, V. (2017). Ukrainska nauka: vid mudrosti batkiv… (Ch. 3). Derzhava i problema akademichnoho seredovyshcha. Svitohliad, 1, 31–41. http://www.nas.gov.ua/text/pdfNews/Zhovtianskyi_article_Svitohliad_magazine_2017_1.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Zhovtianskyi, V. (2025). Ukrainskyi start doslidzhen taiemnyts svitobudovy: elehantnist ponad yevropeiski prystarasti. Vol. I. Intryhy pershoho Nobelivskoho protsesu. Svitohliad, 4, 23–33. https://www.mao.kiev.ua/biblio/jscans/svitogliad/svit-2025-20-5/svitoglyad-5-2025-govtyanskiy-08.pdf [in Ukrainian]. Zhovtianskyi, V. A. (2009). Elektrychnoho rozriadu v hazi fizyka. In I. M. Dziuba, A. I. Zhu­kovskyi, M. H. Zhelezniak [et al.] (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine [Online]. https://esu.com.ua/article-18861 [in Ukrainian]. Zhovtianskyi, V. A. (2024). Plazmovi tekhnolohii. In I. M. Dziuba, A. I. Zhukovskyi, M. H. Zhelezniak [et al.] (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine [Online]. https://esu.com.ua/article-882637 [in Ukrainian].